Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) entails technologies that can be used to capture CO₂ (carbon dioxide) from point sources, such as power plants and other industrial facilities; compress it; transport it to suitable locations; and inject it into deep subsurface geological formations for indefinite isolation from the atmosphere. CCS is a solution to reduce climate change, because it reduces CO₂ emissions from fossil-based fuels, which helps with an unpolluted and sustainable energy future.

CO₂ is a natural gas that allows sunlight to get through to the Earth, while at the same time; it prevents some of the sun's heat from radiating back into space, thereby warming the planet. This warming is called the “greenhouse” effect, which basically results in sufficient heat to maintain life.  Without this effect, the Earth would be a frozen rock.

The CO₂ that causes the greenhouse effect is necessary for us to survive. But over time we have invented power plants and vehicles, which burn fossil fuels, releasing extra CO₂ into the air. By adding extra carbon dioxide to the atmosphere, more heat is stored on Earth, which causes the temperature to rise. This is called global warming.

CCS involves trapping the carbon dioxide at its emission source, transporting it to a storage location and isolating it. Using this method we could grab excess CO₂ right from the power plant, creating greener energy.

Several CCS options available are: (1) CO₂ is pumped into disused coal fields displacing methane, which can be used as fuel; (2) CO₂ can be pumped into and stored safely in saline aquifers; and (3) CO₂ can be pumped into oil fields, helping maintain pressure, which makes extraction easier.

The DOE’s CCS program consists of two core research technologies.  The first is post-combustion capture. Post-combustion capture is primarily applicable to conventional pulverized coal-fired power plants. Here, the flue gases are diverted through an absorber, where the CO₂ is taken up by a solvent. The next stage is heating the CO₂ rich solvent to 120° C in a reformer, releasing the CO₂ for capture.

The second technology is pre-combustion capture, which is applicable to integrated gasification combined cycle power plants, where solid fuel is converted into gaseous components by applying heat under pressure in the presence of steam and oxygen. In this case, the carbon is captured before combustion and power production occurs.

There is another technology called oxyfuel where the fossil fuel is burned in 95% pure oxygen instead of in air, resulting in a flue gas that consists of high CO₂ concentrations and water vapor. The two can be separated just by cooling and the CO₂ is then condensed and compressed for storage.

In the first stage of oxyfuel, the air separator removes nitrogen, which makes up 78% of the air. Once the nitrogen has been removed, the remaining product is an almost pure stream of oxygen. A mixture of coal and oxygen is blasted into the boiler and ignited.

The combustion of the coal and oxygen generate the heat that makes the steam to power the generator. The steam generated as a result of heating water passed through the boiler in pipes is then used to drive steam turbines that create electricity. Then there is a series of "cleaning" processes that the flue gas will pass through beginning with particle removal. The next stage, which usually involves a process called flue gas desulphurisation, removes sulphur dioxide, which causes acid rain if it is released into the atmosphere. At the final filtering stage, the flue gas is cooled to condense the water vapor.

Because nitrogen was removed during the air separation process, nitrogen oxides were prevented from forming during the combustion process. As a result, the remaining gas is an almost pure stream of CO_2.

An international group of scientists has identified a previously underused material that was discovered fifteen years ago, known as SIFSIX-1-Cu, which offers a highly efficient mechanism for capturing CO₂. This material is highly effective at carbon capture even in the presence of water vapor, a standard that other materials have not been able to meet. In real world applications, water normally interferes with CO₂ capture, but the material developed in the USF-KAUST project, using SIFSIX-1-Cu, overcomes the hindrance.

SIFSIX-1-Cu will capture carbon from coal-burning plants, purify methane in natural gas wells, and advance clean-coal technology, all helping to control carbon for cleaner air.

The biggest problem has been the high cost of actually separating captured carbon dioxide, because the process sometimes destroys the material used in the process. SIFSIX-1-Cu offers an advantage in this area, because it uses comparatively less energy to release the gas while remaining completely reusable.

Hexafluorosilicate (SIFSIX-1-Cu)

One company, Skyonic Corp., is about to start its first commercial CCS project. Skyonic plans to profit from global efforts to curb CO₂ emissions using technology to trap and “mineralize” the gas into chemical byproducts to sell. Their process produces hydrochloric acid, which is pumped into the ground for hydraulic fracturing, or fracking, to break apart shale formations and unlock gas deposits. The fracking boom in the U.S. and Canada has increased demand for the acid.

In the next few years, Shell Oil will begin to capture more than one million metric tons of CO₂. The CO₂ will come from three machines near Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta, that produce hydrogen to turn bitumen into salable oil. This CO₂ will be pumped through a pipeline to a site where it will be buried more than two miles underground in a porous sandstone formation.

Geosequestration (also known as carbon sink or CCS) is the process of converting carbon dioxide into a liquid and depositing it below the earth’s surface. Research on geosequestration is ongoing at several locations in the world. The main potential appears to be deep saline aquifers and depleted oil and gas fields. In both, the CO₂ is expected to remain as a supercritical gas for thousands of years, with some dissolving. The United States has at least 2,400 billion metric tons of possible carbon dioxide storage in saline formations, oil and gas reservoirs, and un-mineable coal seams, according to a new U.S. Department of Energy publication. The sequestering of CO₂ is not the final solution. We must look for other renewable energy sources and become more energy efficient.

Coal is an extremely important fuel and will remain so for many years. However, burning coal produces almost 14 billion tons of CO₂ each year which is released to the atmosphere, most of which is from power generation. Development of new "clean coal" technologies is addressing this problem so that the United States’ enormous resources of coal can be utilized for future generations without contributing to global warming.

At its current state of development, CCS is not ready for widespread deployment on coal-based power plants for three reasons:

• It has not been demonstrated at a large enough scale necessary for power plant application;
• The energy required to support CO₂ capture would significantly decrease power generating capacity; and
• If successfully scaled-up, it would not be cost-effective at its current level of process development.

So, what is the future of CCS? The technology has been proven in the laboratory and on a small scale, but it has yet to become commercially viable for large scale operations. Many people view CCS as a way to produce greener power while prolonging the supply of fossil fuels like coal, but that's not the current reality anywhere in the world. CCS hasn't been confirmed on the scale that it needs to be demonstrated.

CCS is a transitional technology mitigating climate change as we implement proven alternative energy technologies.

For additional information:

1.    http://www.nma.org/pdf/fact_sheets/cct.pdf

2.    http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/carbon_seq/refshelf/atlasIV/

3.    http://ec.europa.eu/energy/coal/doc/com_2013_0180_ccs_en.pdf

4.    http://e40-hjh-server1.mit.edu/pdf/EST_web_article.pdf

5.    Carbon capture technology: future fossil fuel use and mitigating climate change

6.    BACKGROUND REPORTS FOR THE CALIFORNIA CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGE REVIEW PANEL

7.    http://www.publicpower.org/files/PDFs/Horinko%20CCS%20White%20Paper%20August%2007.pdf

The content & opinions in this article are the author’s and do not necessarily represent the views of AltEnergyMag

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